DOWN SYNDROME / TRISOMY 21

Down syndrome (trisomy 21, 47,XX+21 or 47,XY+21): numerical chromosomal abnormality, autosomal
trisomy. Features are
 Delayed developmental milestones
 Mental retardation
 Hypotonia
 Brachycephaly
 Open mouth & protruding tongue
 Upward slant of palpebral fissures
 Inner epicanthic folds
 Small nose with flat nasal bridge
 Short neck
 Simian crease in palm
 Wide gap between 1 st & 2 nd toes
 Congenital heart defects – septal defects
 Infertility in male
 Fertility rare in female
KLINEFELTER SYNDROME (SE)
Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY): numerical chromosomal abnormality, sex chromosomal trisomy.
Features are
 Tall & slim
 I.Q. variable (85 to 90)
 Hypogonadism
 Hypogenitalism
 Gynaecomastia
 Low testosterone values
 Infertility
 Poor 2° sexual features
 Behavioral problems
 Karyotype: 47,XXY - 80%, 48,XXXY or 46,XY/47,XXY - 20%.

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Banking (ICSE Class 10 Mathematics Project)

BANK ACCOUNT A bank account is a financial account between a bank customer and a financial institution. A bank account can be a deposit account, a credit card, or any other type of account offered by a financial institution. The financial transactions which have occurred within a given period of time on a bank account are reported to the customer on a bank statement and the balance of the account at any point in time is the financial position of the customer with the institution. a fund that a customer has entrusted to a bank and from which the customer can make withdrawals. BANK A bank is a financial institution and a financial intermediary that accepts deposits and channels those deposits into lending activities, either directly by loaning or indirectly through capital markets. A bank links together customers that have capital deficits and customers with capital surplu...

KARYOTYPE

 A karyotype refers to a full set of chromosomes from an individual arranged according to length, position of centromere, banding pattern.  Karyotype is written as total number of chromosomes followed by sex chromosomes  Normal male karyotype: 46,XY, normal female karyotype: 46,XX  Chromosomes are classified into 7 groups and pasted accordingly- Group A- 1, 2, 3; group B- 4, 5; group C- 6-12, X; group D- 13, 14, 15; group E- 16, 17, 18; group F- 19, 20; group G- 21, 22, Y

X CHROMOSOME

X CHROMOSOME  The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes and is found in both males and females.  It is submetacentric chromosome classified under ‘C’ group chromosomes  Females have two X chromosomes, whereas males have one X and one Y chromosome.  Both males and females retain one of their mother's X chromosomes, and females retain their second X chromosome from their father.  Early in embryonic development in females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly and permanently inactivated in nearly all somatic cells. This phenomenon is called X-inactivation or Lyonization. The inactive X- chromosome is tightly coiled and hence stains dark purple and is seen as Barr body within the nucleus of a female. The X chromosome is notably larger and has a more active euchromatin region.  Numerical alteration in Sex chromosomes result in abnormalities eg Turner’s syndrome (XO), Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) and Triple X syndrome (XXX).  , S...

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